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Prise de fer
Prise de fer is a movement used in fencing in which a fencer takes the opponent's blade into a line and holds it there in preparation to attack. Translated from French, the phrase prise de fer means "taking-the-blade" or "taking-the-steel". Alternate spellings include the plural ''Prises de Fer'' or "Les Prises de Fer", and (incorrectly) ''Praise de Fer''. There are four prise de fer actions: opposition, croisè, bind, and envelopment. However, each fencing master and fencing doctrine has a separate view of prise de fer. William Gaugler lists all four actions under ''Prise de Fer'' in his dictionary of fencing terminology,〔Gaugler, William M, ''A Dictionary of Universally Used Fencing Terminology,'' Bangor: Laureate Press, 1997, p. 48.〕 while Roger Crosnier in his book ''Fencing with the Foil'' only mentions the croisé, the bind, and the envelopment as prise de fer actions.〔Crosnier, Roger. ''Fencing with the Foil,'' New York: A. S. Barnes and Company, 1948, p. 177-84.〕 Any prise de fer action requires that the blades be engaged, and it works best against an opponent who uses and maintains a straight arm. Additionally, a successful action demands surprise, precise timing, and control.〔De Beaumont, C-L. ''Fencing: Ancient Art and Modern Sport.'' London: Kaye and Ward, 1978, p. 95.〕
== Opposition ==
In the ''opposition'', a fencer takes an opponent's blade in any line and then extends in that line, diverting the opponent's blade, until the action is complete. The opposition can be done from any line, and it is a strong attack when done with a straight thrust.〔Gillet, Jean-Jacques. ''Foil Technique and Terminology''. Livingston: United States Academy of Arms, 1977, p. 36.〕 The amount of power needed to complete an opposition is just enough to carry the opponent's blade barely out of line, but not so much as to force it into a different line.〔Morton, E. D. ''A-Z of Fencing''. London: Queen Anne Press, no date, p. 129.〕
The opposition is typically classified as an action in the French style of fencing, and it is similar to what the Italian school calls a ''glide''. However, some doctrines teach that the opposition and the glide are separate actions, but the glide can be done using an opposition.〔Garret, Maxwell R., Emmanuil G. Kaidanov, and Gil A. Pezza. ''Foil, Saber, and Épeé Fencing,'' University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994, p. 50.〕 William Gaugler defines the opposition as an action completed during a thrust in which the hand is shifted against the opponent's blade in an attempt to close the line, while the glide slides along the opponent's blade onto target.〔Gaugler, Wiliam M. ''The Science of Fencing.'' Bangor: Laureate Press, 1997, p. 28-30.〕 Louis Rondelle instructs that a glide should be kept in opposition and that it is "in reality a feint of direct thrust."〔Rondelle, Louis. ''Foil and Sabre,'' Boston: Dana Estes and Company, 1892, p. 43〕 Julio Martinez Castello refers to the glide as a "sliding thrust" that will dominate the opponent's blade by forcing it to the side.〔Castello, Julio Martinez. ''The Theory and Practice of Fencing''. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1933, p. 38.〕
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